Diogenes of Apollonia or Apolloniates (c. 460 BC), an ancient Greek natural philosopher, was a native of the Milesian colony Apollonia in Thrace, present-day Sozopol on the Black Sea.¹ Like all the physiologi (physical philosophers), he wrote in the Ionic dialect. He lived some time in Athens, where it is said that he became so unpopular (probably owing to his supposed atheistic opinions) that his life was in danger.

In The Clouds of Aristophanes,² the views of Diogenes are transferred to Socrates. Diogenes, like Anaximenes, believed air to be the one source of all being, and all other substances to be derived from it by condensation and rarefaction. His chief advance upon the doctrines of Anaximenes was his assertion that air, the primal force, was intelligent—"the air which stirred within him not only prompted, but instructed. The air as the origin of all things is necessarily an eternal, imperishable substance, but as soul it is also necessarily endowed with consciousness."

In fact, he belonged to the old Ionian school, whose doctrines he modified by the theories of his contemporary Anaxagoras, although he avoided his dualism. De natura is widely accepted as his most important work, of which considerable fragments are extant (chiefly in Simplicius); it is possible that he wrote also Against the Sophists and On the Nature of Man, to which the well-known fragment about the veins would belong; possibly these discussions were subdivisions of his great work.

Diogenites are named for Diogenes of Apollonia, who was the first to suggest an outer space origin for meteorites.

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• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.