18th_century

18th century

Millennium: 2nd millennium

Centuries: 17th century · 18th century · 19th century

Decades: 1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s
1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s

Categories: Births – Deaths
Establishments – Disestablishments

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	17th century · 18th century · 19th century
Decades:	1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s 1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s
Categories:	Births – Deaths Establishments – Disestablishments

The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini/Common Era numbering system.

However, historians sometimes specifically define the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. For example, the "short" 18th century may be defined as 1715-1789, denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution with an emphasis on directly interconnected events.¹² To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements, the "long" 18th century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the battle of Waterloo in 1815³ or even later.⁴

Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789, an iconic event of the French Revolution

Washington crossing the Delaware, Dec. 25, 1776, an iconic event of the American Revolution

Events

1700–1709

Peter the Great in the Battle of Poltava

Europe on the eve of the War of the Spanish Succession (1700)

John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, English general.

1700: Te 1700 Cascadia earthquake (magnitude 9) occurs off the coast of the Pacific Northwest; the coast of Japan is struck by a tsunami.
1700: Bridge of the Gods forms across the Columbia River.
1700-21: Russia supplants Sweden as the dominant Baltic power after the Great Northern War.
1701-1714: War of the Spanish Succession was a conflict which involved most of Europe.⁵
1701-1702: The Daily Courant and the The Norwich Post becomes the first daily newspapers in England.
1702: Forty-seven Ronin attack Kira Yoshinaka and then commit seppuku in Japan.
1702-1715: Camisard Rebellion in France.
1703: Saint Petersburg founded by Peter the Great. Russian capital until 1918.
1703-1711: The Rákóczi Uprising against the Habsburg Monarchy.
1704: End of Japan's Genroku period.
1707: Act of Union passed merging the Scottish and the English Parliaments, thus establishing The Kingdom of Great Britain.⁶
1707: After Aurangzeb's death, the Mughal Empire enters a long decline and the Maratha Empire slowly replaces it.
1707: Mount Fuji erupts in Japan.
1707: War of 27 years between the Marathas and Mughals ends in India.
1708-1709: Famine killed one-third of East Prussia's population.
1708: The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies and English Company Trading to the East Indies merged to form the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies.
1709: Hotaki dynasty founded in Afghanistan.
1709: Charles XII of Sweden flees to Ottoman Empire after Peter I of Russia defeats his army at the Battle of Poltava.

1710s

The extinction of the Scottish clan system came with the defeat of the clansmen at the Battle of Culloden in 1746.⁷

1720: The South Sea Bubble

Tokugawa Yoshimune, Shogun of Japan.

1710-1711: Ottoman Empire fights Russia in the Russo-Turkish War
1713-1714: Tarabai establishes rival Maratha Empire government in Kolhapur against Chattrapati Shahu.
1714: Accession of George I, Elector of Hanover, to the throne of Great Britain.
1715: First Jacobite rebellion breaks out
1715: Louis XIV dies, leaving France deep in debt.
1715: Pope Clement XI declares Catholicism and Confucianism incompatible.
1716: Establishment of the Sikh Confederacy along the India Pakistan border.
1718: City of New Orleans founded by the French in North America
1718: Blackbeard is killed by Robert Maynard in a North Carolina inlet on the inner side of Ocracoke Island
1718-1730: Tulip period of the Ottoman Empire
1719: Spanish attempt to restart the Jacobite rebellion fails.

1720s

1720: Spanish military embarks on the Villasur expedition from Mexico and travel into the Great Plains
1720–1721: The Great Plague of Marseille
1721: Robert Walpole became the first Prime Minister of Great Britain (de facto).
1721: Treaty of Nystad signed, ending the Great Northern War.
1721: Kangxi Emperor bans Christian Missionaries because of Pope Clement XI's decree.
1721: Peter I reforms the Russian Orthodox Church
1722: Afghans conquered Iran, ending the Safavid dynasty.
1722: Kangxi Emperor of China died.
1722: Bartholomew Roberts is killed in a sea battle off the African coast.
1722–23: Russo-Persian War
1722–1725: Controversy over William Wood's halfpence leads to the Drapier's Letters and begins the Irish economic independence from England movement.
1723: Slavery abolished in Russia. Peter the Great converted the household slaves into house serfs.⁸
1723–1730: The "Great Disaster" - an invasion of Kazakh territories by the Dzungars.
1725: The Fulani nomads took complete control of Fuuta Jallon and set up the first of many Fulani jihad states to come.⁹
1726: The enormous Chinese encyclopedia Gujin Tushu Jicheng of over 100 million written Chinese characters in over 800,000 pages is printed in 60 different copies using copper-based Chinese movable type printing.
1727–1729: Anglo-Spanish War
1729–1735: Charles Wesley and John Wesley begin the Methodism in England

1730s

Qianlong Emperor

1730: Mahmud I takes over Ottoman Empire after civilian unrest.
1730-1760: First Great Awakening takes place in Great Britain and North America.
1732-1734: Crimean Tatar raids into Russia.¹⁰
1733-1738: War of the Polish Succession.
1735-1739: Russo-Turkish War.
1735-1799: The Qianlong Emperor of China oversaw a huge expansion in territory.
1736: Nadir Shah assumed title of Shah of Persia and founded the Afsharid dynasty. Ruled until his death in 1747.
1736: Qing Dynasty Chinese court painters recreate Zhang Zeduan's classic panoramic painting, Along the River During Qingming Festival.
1738-1756: Famine across the Sahel, half the population of Timbuktu died.¹¹
1738: Pope Clement XII issues the Eminenti Apostolatus Specula prohibiting Catholics from becoming Freemasons.
1739: Nadir Shah defeated the Mughals and sacked Delhi.
1739: Great Britain and Spain fight the War of Jenkins' Ear in the Caribbean.

1740s

Frederick II the Great, King of Prussia.

1740: Frederick the Great comes to power in Prussia.
1740: British attempt to capture St. Augustine, Florida but lose to the Spanish during the Siege of St. Augustine.
1740-1741: Famine in Ireland killed ten per cent of the population.
1740-1748: War of the Austrian Succession
1741: Russians began settling the Aleutian Islands.
1741: Pope Benedict XIV issues Immensa Pastorum principis against slavery.
1744: The First Saudi State is founded by Mohammed Ibn Saud.¹²
1744: French attempt to restart the Jacobite rebellion fails
1744-1748: The First Carnatic War fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India.
1745: Second Jacobite Rebellion began by Charles Edward Stuart in Scotland.
1747: Ahmed Shah Durrani founded the Durrani Empire in modern day Afghanistan.
1748: Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession and First Carnatic War.
1748-1754: The Second Carnatic War fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India

1750s

The Death of General Wolfe

1750: Peak of the Little Ice Age
1754: Treaty of Pondicherry ends Second Carnatic War and recognizes Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah as Nawab of the Carnatic.
1754–1763, The French and Indian War, Fought in the U.S. and Canada mostly between the French and French allies and the English and English allies. The North American chapter of the Seven Years' War.
1755: The Lisbon earthquake
1755-1763: The Great Upheaval
1756-1763: Seven Years' War fought among European powers in various theaters around the world.
1756-1763: The Third Carnatic War fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India.
1757: Battle of Plassey signaled the beginning of formal British rule in India after years of commercial activity under the auspices of the East India Company.
1758: British colonel James Wolfe issues the Wolfe's Manifesto
1759: French commander Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and British commander James Wolfe die during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.

1760s

George III, King of Great Britain.

1760: George III became King of Britain.
1760: Zand dynasty founded in Iran
1761: Maratha Empire defeated at Battle of Panipat
1762-1796: Reign of Catherine the Great of Russia.
1763: Treaty of Paris ends Seven Years' War and Third Carnatic War
1763: Kingdom of Mysore conquers the Kingdom of Keladi
1765: Stamp Act introduced into the American colonies by the UK Parliament.
1766-1799: Anglo-Mysore Wars
1767: Burmese conquered the Ayutthaya kingdom.
1768: Gurkhas conquered Nepal.
1768-1774: Russo-Turkish War
1769: Spanish missionaries established the first of 21 missions in California.
1769-1770: James Cook explores and maps New Zealand and Australia
1769-1773: The Bengal famine of 1770 killed one third of the Bengal population.

1770s

Rejtan and the Partitions of Poland

1770: James Cook claims the East Coast of Australia (New South Wales) for Great Britain.
1770-1771: Famine in Czech lands killed hundreds of thousands.
1771: The Plague Riot in Moscow.
1772: Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d'état and takes big political power, becoming almost an absolute monarch.
1772: Partitions of Poland marks the end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1772-1779: Maratha Empire fights England and Raghunathrao's forces during the First Anglo-Maratha War
1772-1795: The Partitions of Poland ended the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and erased Poland from the map for 123 years.
1773-1775: The Pugachev's Rebellion was the largest peasant revolt in Russia's history.
1773: East India Company starts operations in Bengal to smuggle Opium into China.
1775 John Harrison H4 and Larcum Kendall K1 Marine chronometers are used to measure longitude by James Cook on his Second voyage (1772-1775)
1775-1782: First Anglo-Maratha War
1775-1783: American Revolutionary War
1776: Illuminati founded by Adam Weishaupt
1776: United States Declaration of Independence ratified by the Continental Congress.
1778: James Cook becomes first European on the Hawaiian Islands.
1779-1879: Xhosa Wars between British and Boer settlers and the Xhosas in South African Republic

1780s

George Washington

1781: Spanish settlers founded Los Angeles.
1781-1785: Serfdom abolished in the Austrian monarchy (first step; second step in 1848)
1783: Famine in Iceland caused by the eruption of the Laki volcano.
1783: Russian Empire annexed the Crimean Khanate.
1783 The treaty of Paris formally ends the American War of Independence.
1785-1791: Imam Sheikh Mansur, a Chechen warrior and Muslim mystic, led a coalition of Muslim Caucasian tribes from throughout the Caucasus in a holy war against the Russian invaders.¹³
1785-1795: Northwest Indian War between the United States and Native Americans
1787: Freed slaves from London founded Freetown in present-day Sierra Leone.
1787: Kansei Reforms instituted in Japan by Matsudaira Sadanobu.
1787-1792: Russo-Turkish War
1788: First European settlement established in Australia at Sydney.
1789: George Washington elected President of the United States. Served until 1797.
1789: Great Britain and Spain dispute the Nootka Sound during the Nootka Crisis.
1789-1799: The French Revolution

Napoleon at the Bridge of the Arcole

1790s

The Battle of New Ross took place in Ireland, during the Irish Rebellion of 1798.

Kamehameha I, King of the Hawaiian Islands

1790: Establishment of the Polish-Prussian Pact
1791 The Constitutional Act (Or Canada Act) creates the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada in British North America.
1791-1795: George Vancouver explores the world during the Vancouver Expedition.
1791-1804: The Haitian Revolution
1792-1815: The Great French War started as the French Revolutionary Wars which lead into the Napoleonic Wars.
1792: New York Stock & Exchange Board founded.
1792: King Gustav III of Sweden was assassinated by a conspiracy of noblemen.
1793: Upper Canada bans slavery.
1793: The largest yellow fever epidemic in American history killed as many as 5,000 people in Philadelphia—roughly 10% of the population.¹⁴
1793-1796: Revolt in the Vendée against the French Republic at the time of the Revolution.
1794: Polish revolt
1794: Jay's Treaty concluded between Great Britain and the United States, by which the Western Posts in the Great Lakes are returned to the U.S., and commerce between the two countries is regulated.
1794: Qajar dynasty founded in Iran after replacing the Zand dynasty.
1795: Pinckney's Treaty between the United States and Spain granted the Mississippi Territory to the US.
1795: The Marseillaise officially adopted as the French national anthem.
1795: Kamehameha I of the Island of Hawaii defeats the Oahuans at the Battle of Nu'uanu.
1796: Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination. Smallpox killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century (including five reigning monarchs).¹⁵
1796: Battle of Montenotte. Engagement in the War of the First Coalition. Napoleon Bonaparte's first victory as an army commander.
1796: British ejected Dutch from Ceylon.
1796: Mungo Park, backed by the African Association, is the first European to set eyes on the Niger River in Africa.
1796-1804: The White Lotus Rebellion against the Manchu Dynasty in China.
1797: Napoleon's invasion and partition of the Republic of Venice ended over 1,000 years of independence for the Serene Republic.
1798: The Irish Rebellion failed to overthrow British rule in Ireland.
1798-1800: Quasi-War between the United States and France.
1799: Napoleon staged a coup d'état and became dictator of France.
1799: Dutch East India Company is dissolved.
1799: The assassination of the 14th Tu'i Kanokupolu, Tukuʻaho, plunges Tonga into half a century of civil war.

Significant people

World leaders, politicians, military

See also: Founding Fathers of the United States

Ahmed III

Queen Anne

Marie Antoinette, Queen of France and Archduchess of Austria

Yeongjo, King of the Joseon Dynasty in Korea.

John Adams, American statesman
Samuel Adams, American statesman
Ahmad Shah Abdali, Afghan King
Ahmed III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Hyder Ali, Ruler of Mysore
Ethan Allen, American Revolutionary Army
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
Marie Antoinette, Austrian-born Queen of France
Augustus III, Elector of Saxony, King of Poland, and Grand Duke of Lithuania
Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor
Boromakot, King of Ayutthaya
Boromaracha V, King of Ayutthaya
William Cavendish, Anglo-Irish politician
John Carteret, Anglo-Irish politician
Catherine the Great, Tsaritsa of Russia
Charles III, King of Spain, Naples, and Sicily
Charles VI, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, King of Bohemia and Hungary
Charles XII, King of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends;
Charlotte Corday, French revolutionary
Georges Danton, French revolutionary leader
Farrukhsiyar, Emperor of Mughal
Ferdinand I, King of Naples, Sicily, and the Two Sicilies
Benjamin Franklin, American leader, scientist and statesman
Juan Franscisco, Spanish naval officer and explorer
Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends
Frederick the Great, King of Prussia
George I, King of Great Britain and Ireland
George II, King of Great Britain and Ireland
George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland
Robert Gray, American revolutionary, merchant, and explorer
Gustav III, King of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends
Gyeongjong, King of Joseon Dynasty
Abdul Hamid I, Sultan of Ottoman Empire
Alexander Hamilton, American statesman
Patrick Henry, American statesman
Emperor Higashiyama, Emperor of Japan
John Jay, American statesman
Thomas Jefferson, American statesman
Jeongjo, King of Joseon Dynasty
John Paul Jones, American naval commander
Joseph I, King of Portugal
Joseph II, Austrian Emperor
Kangxi Emperor, Chinese Emperor
Karim Khan, Shah of Iran and King of Persia
Marquis de Lafayette, Continental Army officer
Louis XIV, King of France
Louis XV, King of France
Louis XVI, King of France
Louis XVII, imprisoned King of France, never ruled
James Madison, American statesman
Madhavrao I, Peshwa/Prime Minister of Maratha Empire
Madhavrao I Scindia, Marathan leader
Mahmud I, Sultan of Ottoman Empire
Alessandro Malaspina, Spanish explorer
George Mason, American statesman
Michikinikwa, Miami chief and warrior
José Moñino y Redondo, Spanish statesman
Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, French officer
Mustafa III, Sultan of Ottoman Empire
Nadir Shah, King of Persia
Nakamikado, Emperor of Japan
Horatio Nelson, British admiral
Nanasaheb, Peshwa/Prime Minister of Maratha Empire
Shivappa Nayaka, King of Keladi Nayaka
Osman III, Sultan of Ottaman Empire
Peter I (Peter the Great), Tsar of Russian
Philip V, King of Spain
Pontiac, Ottawa chief and warrior
Qianlong, Emperor of China
Rajaram II of Satara, Monarch of the Maratha Confederacy
Francis II Rákóczi, Prince of Hungary and Transylvania, revolutionary leader
Tadeusz Rejtan, Polish politician
Paul Revere, American revolutionary leader and silversmith
Maximilien Robespierre, French revolutionary leader
Betsy Ross, American flag maker
Shah Rukh of Persia, King of Persia.
John Russell, Anglo-Irish politician
Lionel Sackville, Anglo-Irish politician
Sebastião de Melo, Prime Minister of Portugal
Chattrapati Shahu, Emperor of Maratha Empire
Selim III, Sultan of Ottoman Empire
Charles Edward Stuart, English Jacobite exile
Sukjong, King of Joseon Dynasty
Alexander Suvorov, Russian military leader
Maria Theresa, Austrian Empress
Tokugawa Ieharu, Japanese Shogun
Tokugawa Ienobu, Japanese Shogun
Tokugawa Ieshige, Japanese Shogun
Tokugawa Ietsugu, Japanese Shogun
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Japanese Shogun
Tokugawa Yoshimune, Japanese Shogun
Toussaint L'Ouverture, Haitian revolutionary leader
Túpac Amaru II, Peruvian revolutionary
George Vancouver, British Captain and explorer
Robert Walpole, Prime Minister of Great Britain
George Washington, American general and first President of the United States
James Wolfe, British officer
Yeongjo, King of Joseon Dynasty

Show business, theatre, entertainers

See also: Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, Haymarket Theatre, and Sichuan opera

David Garrick

Barton Booth, actor
Colley Cibber, actor, poet, playwright
Thomas Doggett, actor
David Garrick, actor
John Gay, English dramatist and poet
Charles Johnson, English playwright
Charles Macklin, actor
Chikamatsu Monzaemon, Japanese dramatist, playwright
John O'Keeffee, Irish playwright
Anne Oldfield, English actress
Hannah Pritchard, English actress
Hester Santlow, English actress, ballerina, dancer
Kong Shangren, Chinese dramatist, poet
Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Irish playwright
John Small, English cricketer
Edward "Lumpy" Stevens, English cricketer
Robert Wilks, English actor
Wang Yun, Chinese playwright, poet

Musicians, composers

Main articles: List of Classical era composers and List of Baroque composers

Johann Sebastian Bach

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Tomaso Albinoni, Italian composer
Samuel Arnold, English composer and musician
Nidhu Babu, Indian and Bengali musician and composer
Johann Sebastian Bach, German composer
Charles Burney, English musician and music historian
François Couperin, French composer
William Cowper, English hymnist and poet
Dede Efendi, Turkish/Ottoman composer
Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer
Francesco Geminiani, Italian violinist, composer, and music theorist.
George Frideric Handel, German-English composer
Joseph Haydn, Austrian composer
Hampartsoum Limondjian, Armenian/Ottoman composer
Kali Mirza, Bengali composer
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer
Johann Pachelbel, German composer, teacher
François-André Danican Philidor, French composer and chess master
Jean-Philippe Rameau, French composer
Bharatchandra Ray, Bengali composer, musician, and poet
Sadarang, Hindustani composer
Domenico Scarlatti, Italian composer.
Antonio Stradivari, Italian violin maker
Antonio Vivaldi, Italian composer
Isaac Watts, English hymnist

Visual artists, painters, sculptors, printmakers

Main articles: History of painting, Rococo, and Neoclassicism

William Blake

Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin

Michel Benoist, French painter, architect, missionary in China
William Blake, English artist and poet
Edmé Bouchardon, French sculptor
François Boucher, French painter
Giuseppe Castiglione, Italian painter, architect, missionary in China
Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, French painter
John Singleton Copley, American painter
Jacques-Louis David, French painter
Étienne Maurice Falconet, French sculptor
Jean-Honoré Fragonard, French painter
Thomas Gainsborough, English painter
Francisco de Goya, Spanish painter
Jean-Baptiste Greuze, French painter
Suzuki Harunobu, Japanese woodblock printer
William Hogarth, English painter and engraver
Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne, French sculptor, student of his father
Jean-Louis Lemoyne, French sculptor
Robert Le Lorrain, French sculptor
Yuan Mei, Chinese painter, poet, essayist
Antoine Ignace Melling, French-German painter, architect
Gai Qi, Chinese painter, poet
Bartolomeo Rastrelli, Italian-born Russian architect
Joshua Reynolds, English painter
Gilbert Stuart, American painter
Nishikawa Sukenobu, Japanese printmaker, teacher
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Venetian painter
Jiang Tingxi, Chinese artist and scholar
Kitagawa Utamaro, Japanese printmaker and painter
Antoine Watteau, French painter

Writers, poets

Jane Austen, English writer
Pierre Beaumarchais, French writer
Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux, French poet and literary critic
James Boswell, Scottish biographer
Frances Burney, English novelist
Robert Burns, Scottish poet
Giacomo Casanova, Venetian adventurer, writer and womanizer
Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, French writer
Daniel Defoe, English novelist and journalist
Liang Desheng, Chinese poet and writer
Maria Edgeworth, Anglo-Irish novelist
Henry Fielding, English novelist
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German writer
Oliver Goldsmith, Anglo-Irish writer, poet, children's writer, and playwright
Thomas Gray, English poet, scholar, and educator
Eliza Haywood, English writer
Wu Jingzi, Chinese writer
Samuel Johnson, British writer, lexicographer, poet, and literary critic
John Keats, British poet/writer
Ferenc Kazinczy, Hungarian writer
Charlotte Lennox, English novelist and poet
Matthew Lewis, English novelist and playwright
Sadhak Kamalakanta, Indian poet
Henry Mackenzie, Scottish novelist
Jean-Paul Marat, French journalist
Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, Spanish writer
Yuan Mei, Chinese poet, scholar and artist
Honoré Mirabeau, French writer and politician
John Newbery, English children's literature publisher
Wen Peixin, Chinese novelist and poet
Alexander Pope, English poet
Ann Radcliffe, English novelist
Samuel Richardson, English novelist
Li Ruzhen, Chinese novelist
Marquis de Sade, French writer and philosopher
Ramprasad Sen, Bengali poet and singer
Friedrich Schiller, German writer
Walter Scott, Scottish novelest and poet
Christopher Smart, English poet and actor
Robert Southey, English poet and biographer
Hester Thrale, English memoirist
Charlotte Turner Smith, English writer
Pu Songling, Chinese short story writer
Laurence Sterne, Anglo-Irish writer
Jonathan Swift, Anglo-Irish satirist and Church of Ireland Dean
Ueda Akinari, Japanese writer
Voltaire, French writer and philosopher
Horace Walpole, English writer and politician
Mary Wollstonecraft, British writer and feminist
Cao Xueqin, Chinese writer

Philosophers, theologians

Denis Diderot

Pius VI

Emanuel Swedenborg

Arai Hakuseki, Japanese scholar, writer and politician
Benedict XIII, Roman Catholic Pope
Benedict XIV, Roman Catholic Pope
Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher and reformer
George Berkeley, Irish empiricist philosopher
Edmund Burke, British statesman and philosopher
Clement XI, Roman Catholic Pope
Clement XII, Roman Catholic Pope
Clement XIII, Roman Catholic Pope
Clement XIV, Roman Catholic Pope
Frederick Cornwallis, Archbishop of Canterbury
Erasmus Darwin, English philosopher, poet and scientist
Denis Diderot, French writer and philosopher
William Godwin, English philosopher and novelist
Aaron Halle-Wolfssohn, German writer, Jewish theologian, translator, and professor
Johann Gottfried Herder, German philosopher, writer, and critic
Thomas Herring, Archbishop of Canterbury
David Hume, Scottish philosopher
Matthew Hutton, Archbishop of Canterbury
Innocent XIII, Roman Catholic Pope
Immanuel Kant, German philosopher
Kamo no Mabuchi, Japanese philosopher
William Law, English theologian
Alphonsus Liguori, Italian bishop, founder of Redemptorists, Saint
Moses Mendelssohn, German philosopher
Charles de Secondat (Montesquieu), French thinker
John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury
Motoori Norinaga, Japanese philosopher and scholar
Thomas Paine, English philosopher
Elihu Palmer, American deist
Thomas Percy, English bishop and editor
Joseph Perl, German writer, Jewish theologian, and educator
Pius VI, Roman Catholic Pope
John Potter, Archbishop of Canterbury
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, French writer and philosopher
Thomas Secker, Archbishop of Canterbury
Sugita Genpaku, Japanese scholar and translator
Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish scientist, thinker and mystic
Thomas Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbury
Christian Thomasius, German philosopher and jurist
Baal Shem Tov, Ukrainian rabbi
Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab, Arab Islamic theologian and founder of Wahhabism
William Wake, Archbishop of Canterbury
John Wesley, English theologian, founder of Methodism
Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf, German religious writer and bishop